Researchers have also exploited other theories, such as the online shopping in bangladesh TPB) and the online shopping in bangladesh (TAM) online shopping in bangladesh  to explain the behavior of online shoppers. For example, they use aonline shopping in bangladesh byonline shopping in bangladesh ), which shows that behavioral control and intentions influence online shopping participation significantly.online shopping in bangladesh also applied TPB to investigate the factors affecting online shopping in Iran. According to their analysis, financial and non-delivery risks negatively impact the attitude towards online shopping in Iran. Few studies have explored the role of demographic characteristics in online shopping – however, the findings are seemingly contradictory. For example, according to, age, gender, education, and household income significantly correlate with online shopping preference in Florida, USA. Another study conducted in the context of the USA shows that online shoppers are younger, wealthier, more educated, and spend more time on the Internet than non-online shoppers. However,  argue that age, gender, and income do not influence the online of “experienced” online shoppers in Spain.

According to andonline shopping in bangladesh, online engagement could influence travel in four ways. Online shopping can either be used as a substitute for physical shopping or complement physical shopping. Online shopping can also modify the attributes of physical shopping or can have zero impact on physical shopping. Researchers have applied two predominant methods to understand the influence of online shopping on physical shopping engagement. Some researchers have directly asked the respondents how their physical shopping participation changed due to their involvement in online shopping. In comparison, other researchers have evaluated the correlation between online buying/searching frequency and physical shopping frequency to identify the latter's influence on the latter.